The health assembly first considered the subject of human cloning in 1997, affirming that the use of cloning for the replication of human beings is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human. Jul 21, 2015 cloning genes or, more generally, cloning dna segments is routinely done in many genetics and pharmaceutical laboratories throughout the world 12, 31. Technologies for cloning cells in the laboratory are seven decades old and are used for reproducing a particular type of cell, for example a skin or a liver cell, in order to investigate its. This type of cloning is also called reproductive cloning. This article has been cited by other articles in pmc. Padma nambisan, in an introduction to ethical, safety and intellectual property rights issues in biotechnology, 2017. Laboratory experiments in in vitro fertilization of human eggs led in 1993 to the cloning of human embryos by dividing such fertilized eggs at a very early stage of development, but this technique.
Article pdf available in journal of medical ethics 236. Human cloning, if it is ever done, will be carried out by the same method that brought forth dolly, that is via reproductive cloning. Glenn mcgee, available for free on the aibss website. Examples of research that should not have been allowed to proceed include the nazi experiments on humans and the tuskegee syphilis study. Cloning of human beings, as in producing from one original. A number of unesco documents in the bioethics field were made available to. United nations declaration on human cloning wikipedia.
Dollys ailments were eventually attributed to bad luck, and the sheep was euthanized in 2003. The hominin lineage diverged from the chimpanzee lineage 67 ma, and it evolved exclusively in the african continent until the emergence of homo erectus, somewhat before. Cloning technology was invented during the twentieth century and now is poised to help define the twentyfirst. More than 2,000 human diseases and abnormalities have a genetic causation. Dna cloning cloning is the process of moving a gene from the chromosome it occurs in naturally to an autonomously replicating vector. The paper ends by defending a conception of reproductive rights of procreative autonomy which shows human cloning to be not inconsistent with human rights and dignity. Lacking direct revelation on human cloning in sacred texts, casuistical and analogical reasoning has been a characteristic part of religious argumentation. Human cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer is arguably the most exciting and at the same time foreboding technologicalbiological development of our times. At the headquarters of the human cloning foundation, in the corner of a greenwich village lamp shop, more than a half a million people have logged on to the web site to exchange information. The notion of human dignity is commonly used to justify cloning laws.
Human cloning research paper human cloning outline i. Full text get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article. Monkeys have been cloned, paving the way for human cloning. As stem cell research later took off, the interest in human cloning appeared largely to dissipate. Oct 18, 2019 this lesson guides students to learn the science behind cloning, explore the benefits and consequences of human cloning, and communicate their knowledge and points of view. T he cloning of macaque monkeys in china makes human reproductive cloning more conceivable. Pdf the ethical implications of human clones have been much alluded to. Ethical positions regarding cloning in general is causing problems in the research development. The basis for this justification is that reproductive human cloning. Harvesting the stem cells prevents the embryo from developing to full term. Psychological and ideological aspects of human cloning. Research cloning, also known as embryo cloning or therapeutic cloning, is another form of human cloning. The national academy of sciences, while supporting 2001 such socalled therapeutic or research cloning, has opposed 2002 the cloning of humans for reproductive purposes, deeming it unsafe, but many ethicists, religious and political leaders, and others have called for banning human cloning for any purpose. Therapeutic cloning is immoral 37 william saunders 6.
The proposal to enhance the human genetic endowment by genetic cloning of eminent individuals is not warranted. Amongst the arguments put forward in defence of cloning are those which argue that. Man first used cloning technology with the use of plant cuttings and today we have succeeded in cloning a host of animals including sheep, rabbits and a kitten. Chinese scientists clone monkeys, break barrier to human cloning. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning. It could be argued that human cloning is not covered by the right to reproductive freedom. Human cloning represents asexual reproduction, and the critics of human cloning often assume that the result of cloning is not a unique individual. The cloning of dolly the sheep has important scientific and ethical implications.
Cloning is unsafe for the clone and the surrogate mother. Aug 07, 2001 it is feared that human cloning would be cruel, because the process may result in a large number of miscarriages and deformities before a human could be successfully cloned. Sep 29, 2016 this picture taken on june 29, 2016 shows south korean researchers playing with cloned dogs in the fenced lawn at the sooam biotech research foundation, a world leader in pet cloning, in seoul. Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. See the article human reproductive cloninga look at the arguments against it and a rejection of most of them. Organism cloning involves making an identical copy of an entire organism.
The possibility of therapeutic cloning of human tissues 11 or reproductive cloning to produce human fetuses national and international responses to human cloning 12 future therapeutic applications of cloning methods 14 the way ahead 15 conclusions 17 bibliography 18 annex 1. It is feared that human cloning would be cruel, because the process may result in a large number of miscarriages and deformities before a human could be successfully cloned. Human cloning may refer to therapeutic cloning, particularly the cloning of embryonic cells to obtain organs for transplantation or for treating injured nerve cells and other health purposes. Almost everyone has heard of dolly, the cloned sheep born in 1996 but what about the. The ethical implications of human cloning harvard university. List of books and articles about cloning online research.
Human cloning often refers to human reproductive cloning to produce a genetic copy of an existing person. Jun 26, 2017 human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing, or previously existing, human being or growing cloned tissue from that individual. He lacks the gene for blood clotting factor ix and relies on the local drugstore for his medicine. At the same time, it confirms how difficult it would be to clone a random adult adolf. Even apparently healthy clones have gene expression abnormalities. Cloning is the process of taking genetic information from one living thing and creating identical copies of it. News about cloning, including commentary and archival articles published in the new york times.
Noting that bioethics is a new field of engagement for international lawyers, it recounts some of the. However, some protestant thinkers, reflecting on the meaning of human partnership with. Sep 16, 2015 the new atlantis editor and cofounder adam keiper talks about the recent issue focusing on human cloning and the issues involved. Consumers can benefit from cloning because meat and milk will be more healthful, consistent, and safe. Cloning an animal is very different from cloning a human gene. The developmental events between the fertilized zygote and the mature organism specialisation of cells to fulfill specific functions, i. Biological, ethical, and social considerations ncbi. The ethics of cloning is an extremely controversial issue.
But cloning is the asexual creation of the cloned embryo, regardless of whether it is implanted. In reproductive cloning, the nucleus is isolated from a cell of the organism to. In reproductive cloning, the nucleus is isolated from a cell of the organism to be cloned, and is then inserted into an enucleated egg an egg whose nucleus has previously been removed. International compilation of human research standards.
Universal declaration of human rights preamble whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, whereas disregard and contempt for human. Its worth pointing out that current public and legal policy permits prospective parents to conceive, or to carry a conception to term, when there is a significant risk, or even certainty, that the child will suffer from a serious genetic disease. The cloning discovery has the potential to create new and better treatments for disease, and has challenged some of the fundamental assumptions of modern biology. In other words, although the religious order on human cloning can be an absolute. Aug 16, 2000 no cloning technology should be permitted where cell materials of humans and other animals are mixed cloning for the purpose of making a baby socalled reproductive cloning should remain illegal. Human cloning moral and ethical aspects united states human cloning and human dignity. Why human cloning is immoral catholic religion teacher. This conclusion can be accepted by people who hold very different views about the moral status of the embryo. Gene cloning takes a fresh approach to teaching molecular and cellular biology and will be a valuable resource to both undergraduates and lecturers of biological and biomedical science. Scientists in china have cloned two bouncing baby monkeys, theoretically opening the door for. Yes, human cloning should be permitted chris macdonald phd patricia bairds discussion of human cloning annals rcpsc, june 2000 challenges the prospect of nucleartransfer cloning for the purposes of human reproduction. Clone eventually came to be used for microorganisms as well. Human stem cells, cloning and research research on human stem cells and the related ethics are being widely discussed not just in europe but worldwide. Nov 08, 2019 advanced cell technologies act has reported the successful cloning of a human embryo by removing dna from the skin of a mans leg and inserting it into a cows egg, which previously had its nucleus removed.
Most of the foods from cloning will be from the offspring of clones that are not clones themselves, but sexually reproduced animals. The international compilation of human research standards enumerates over 1,000 laws, regulations, and guidelines collectively referred to as standards that govern human subject protections in 1. In the cloning process, the dna is removed from cells, manipulations of the dna are carried out in a testtube, and the dna is subsequently put back into cells. Researchers create cloned earlystage embryos to generate new stem cells in the hope of producing tissues or organs. Central to therapeutic cloning are the master cells that exist in a human embryo when it is just a few days old. Chinese scientists clone monkeys, break barrier to human cloning monkey clones zhong zhong, left, and hua hua at a research institution in suzhou in chinas jiangsu province. In the united states today, no federal law prohibits human cloning. In the meantime we should continue the debate, and try to sort out the rational concerns from the muddled and irrational ones. The nottoodistant future jimmy walks into the neighborhood pharmacy to fill his prescription for a protein he was born without. Professor richard norman looks at the issues both fears and hopes. The announced cloning took place on november 1998, although act may have performed the same experiment years before. Therapeutic cloning to produce human stem cells, tissues and organs is a separate issue.
The process is quite similar to the process in which identical twins are born. Human cloning may be one of the goto science fiction tropes, but in reality we may be much closer to achieving it than our fictional heroes might imply. List of books and articles about animal cloning online. Ielts human cloning essay this is a model answer for a human cloning essay. When cloning an animal, a nucleus of a cell containing chromosomes made up of dna protein is placed into an egg cell or oocyte from which. Jul 29, 2003 the regulation of human cloning continues to be a significant national and international policy issue. In response to the cloning of a sheep in scotland, president clinton requested that the national bioethics advisory commission nbac investigate and make recommendations on the prospects of human cloning.
The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissue. More significantly, the nucleus of the cell that produced dolly came from a six year old ewe, thus showing that scientists may turn on genetic instructions. An ethical inquiry 2002, by presidents council on bioethics u. The use of human cloning is one way to exercise that right. Applications of gene cloning in medicine, both pdf for diagnosis and treatment, and in the pharmaceutical industry and agriculture, are also covered in the book.
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy or clone of a human. Despite years of intense academic and public debate, there is little clarity as to the philosophical foundations for many of the emerging policy choices. Human cloning more typically refers to reproductive cloning, the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer scnt to obtain eggs that could develop into adult individuals. Cloning is one current example where lots of debates are going on, as it has become difficult to find solutions to various issues regarding reproductive cloning. How close are we to successfully cloning the first human. Human cloning c o n t e n t s preface by the directorgeneral 5 a brief history of. Therapeutic cloning can save lives 30 raymond barglow 5. Because some religions define human life as beginning at conception, some religious and ethical leaders believe that destroying these cloned embryos is immoral. Ppt human cloning powerpoint presentation free to view. There are several reasons for the united states congress to prohibit human cloning. Reproductive cloning is moral 14 panayiotis zavos 3. In the united states, strategic roadblocks have been established to keep human cloning. Of course, it should be taken into accounts that all are possible if the religion orders human cloning in the view of jurisprudence and is considered as permission.
First, the dangers associated with the cloning of human beings are numerous. Cloning is a process to produce genetically identical copies of a biological being. This article analyses the international governance of human reproductive cloning. Cloning occurs commonly in nature in many plant species and in a few animal species. Its worth pointing out that current public and legal policy permits prospective parents to conceive, or to carry a conception to term, when there is a. Is human reproductive cloning inevitable eubios ethics institute. Human cloning laws, human dignity and the poverty of the. The historical development of cloning technology and the role.
In 1996, dolly the sheep was cloned from adult sheep. Procedures designed to influence the genetic inheritance of a child, which are not therapeutic, are morally wrong. In the future, therapeutic cloning will bring enhanced possibilities for organ. Students begin by reading an article titled primer on ethics and cloning by dr. If you look at the task, the wording is slightly different from the common do you agree or disagree essay.
The ethical implications of human cloning spring 2005 volume 48, number 2 243 it might be replied that cloning and genetic engineering are in principle no different from other ways in which parents go to great lengths to produce children of a certain kind, or designer children. A real ban would make it illegal to use human cells and nuclei in scnt. The detailed arguments that support this contention involve some mathematical exercises. Cloning news and scientific articles on live science. It is true that the techniques developed in crnt cell replacement through nuclear transfer, a. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins. Despite decades of speculation, there has been no human reproductive cloning.
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